Adjustable Peg
Exchange rate regimen where a currency’s exchange rate is pegged (fixed) in relation to a stronger currency, such as the US
Dollar or the Euro. The pegged rate is adjusted occasionally in an attempt to improve the country’s competitive position. For example, China’s Yuan is
sometimes pegged to the US Dollar.
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Aggregate Risk
The total amount of exposure a bank or broker has with a client for in spot and forward
foreign exchange contracts.
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Agio
A fee charged to exchange money from one currency to another.
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Arbitrage
This is the simultaneous buying and selling of foreign exchange pairs in order to realize a
profit from a discrepancy between foreign exchange rates in the market at the same time in different markets.
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Ask
This is the price at which the foreign exchange pair or CFD is offered.
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Asset Class
An item that has value; an investment such as stocks, options, or Forex.
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At Best
An instruction provided to a broker to buy or sell at the best rate that is currently available in
the market.
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AUD/USD
The abbreviation for the Australian dollar and U.S. dollar (AUD/USD) currency pair or cross. The
currency pair tells the reader how many U.S. dollars (the quote currency) are needed to purchase one Australian dollar (the base currency).
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Aussie
Slang for the AUD/USD currency pair.
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Authorised Dealer
Depending on the regulatory body, a dealer authorised to deal in Foreign Exchange.
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Automated Dealer
A trader who uses an automated system to input trades without any human input.
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Easing
Refers to either a small price decline in a currency or when a central bank engages in monetary
policy to spur spending. An example of central bank easing would be lowering of interest rates.
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Bank Notes
Paper issued by a Central Bank, redeemable as money and considered to be legal tender.
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Bank Rate
The rate at which a central bank is prepared to lend money to its domestic banking system.
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Banking Day
Days of the week when commercial banks are open for business in the country of the particular
currency traded.
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Bar Charts
A popular format for studying the price action of currency pairs.
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Base Currency
The currency in which your trading account is based.
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Basis Point
One hundredth of one percent, or 0.0001.
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Basket of USD Short
A number of operations where the USD is being sold against various currencies.
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Bear (Bearish)
A view taken by a trader going ‘short’ in the expectation of a decrease in the price of a
currency.
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Bear Market
An extended period of general price decline in an individual security, an asset, or a market.
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Bid
The price at which a buyer is willing to buy in the market. The best bid is the highest bid price
available.
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Bid/Ask Spread
Represents the difference between the buy (bid) and sell (ask) price of a foreign exchange
pair.
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Big Figure
The second figure after the decimal point in the price quoted of a foreign exchange pair.
If AUD/USD is 1.04553, the big figure is 4. If GBP/USD is 1.58852, the big figure is 8. |
Bollinger Bands
A quantitative method which combines a moving average with the instrument’s volatility.
The bands were designed to gauge whether the prices are high or low on relative basis. They are plotted two standard deviations above and below a
simple moving average. The bands look like an expanding and contracting envelope model.
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Book
The total number of currency positions a dealer has at any given moment. Typically, the dealer aims
to have a net position of zero in terms of risk. This means that for the aggregate, all customers’ long and short positions balance each other out.
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Breakaway Gap
A price gap which occurs in the beginning of a new trend, many times at the end of a long
consolidation period. It may also appear after the completion of major chart formations.
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Broken Dates
Deals that are undertaken for value dates that are not standard periods e.g. 1 month. The
standard periods are 1 week, 2 weeks, 1,2,3,6, and 12 months. Terms also used are odd dates, cock dates, and broken period.
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Broker
An agent, who executes orders to buy and sell currencies and related instruments either for a
commission or on a spread. Brokers are agents working on commission and not principals or agents acting on their own account. In the foreign exchange
market brokers tend to act as intermediaries between banks bringing buyers and sellers together for a commission paid by the initiator or by both
parties. There are four or five major global brokers operating through subsidiaries affiliates and partners in many countries.
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Brokerage
A company that offers trading services to the public.
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Bull (Bullish)
A view taken by a trader going ‘long’ in the expectation that the currency will appreciate.
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Bull Market
A market that is on a consistent upward trend.
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Business Day
A day when banks are open for business in Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Buy Limit Order
An order to execute a transaction at a specified price (the limit) or lower.
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Buy on Margin
The process of buying a currency pair where a client pays cash for part of the overall value
of the position. The word margin refers to the portion the investor puts up rather than the portion that is borrowed.
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Buying Rate
Rate at which a customer is prepared to buy a currency at, this is also known as the Bid Rate.
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Buying Selling Foreign Exchange
Buying and selling in the foreign exchange market always happens in the
currency which is quoted first. “Buy Dollar/Yen” means buy the dollar/sell the Yen. Traders buy when they expect a currency’s value to rise and sell
when they expect a currency to fall.
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Cable/Sterling
A term used in the foreign exchange market for the US Dollar/British Pound rate.
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Candlestick Chart
A type of chart which consist of four major prices: high, low, open, close. The body
(jittai) of the candlestick bar is formed by the opening and closing prices. To indicate that the opening was lower than the closing, the body of the
bar is left blank. If the currency closes below its opening, the body is filled. The rest of the range is marked by two “shadows”: the upper shadow
(uwakage) and lower shadow (shitakage).
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Carded Rate
Foreign exchange rate quoted by a bank each day for small foreign exchange transactions.
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Carry
The interest cost of financing securities or other financial instruments held.
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Carry Currencies
High interest rate currencies.
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Carry Grid
A grid of positions (including open orders, take profits, and stop losses) built on a carry
trading strategy.
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Carry Positive
A carry trade where you are long the high interest currency and short the low interest
currency. Excluding the volatility of the currency pair, this forex strategy is profitable based on the interest rate differential between the two
countries.
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Carry Trade
The carry is the cost of keeping a position open overnight. Each currency has a different
interest rate associated with it. You are paid interest on the currency you are long on, and you must pay interest on the currency on which you are
short. The difference is the carry, sometimes referred to as the cost of carry.
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Cash on Deposit
Funds deposited in a trading account.
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Central Bank
A Central Bank provides financial and banking services for a country’s Government and
Commercial Banks. It implements the Government’s monetary policy, as well, by changing interest rates.
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Chartist
An individual who studies graphs and charts of historic data to find trends and predict trend
reversals which include the observance of certain patterns and characteristics of the charts to derive resistance levels, head and shoulders patterns,
and double bottom or double top patterns which are thought to indicate trend reversals.
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Closed Position
A transaction which leaves the trade with a zero net commitment to the market with respect
to a particular currency.
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Closing a Position
The process of selling or buying a foreign exchange position resulting in the
liquidation (squaring up) of the position.
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Closing Market Rate
The rate at which a position can be closed based on the market price at end of the
day.
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Cleared Funds
Funds that are available to you for the settlement of a foreign exchange transaction.
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Commission
The fee that a broker may charge clients for dealing on their behalf.
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Confirmation
A written document or email confirming a foreign exchange deal between two parties.
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Consumer Price Index
A month-to-month economic indicator, which gauges changes in the cost of living by
measuring price changes in a common basket of goods and services that most people use, such as food, clothing, transportation, and entertainment.
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Contract Rate
The agreed exchange rate at which the currency pair may be exchanged on it’s settlement
date.
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Copey
Traders’ term for the Danish Krone.
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Correlation
A statistical term that refers to a relationship between two seemingly independent things. In
Forex for example, one could argue that the Euro and the Sterling have a higher correlation than, for example, the Euro and the Brazilian Real.
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Counterpart
A participant in a financial transaction.
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Counterparty
The other party in a Forex deal. In online spot Forex, the counter party is the market maker.
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Cover
To take out a forward foreign exchange contract or to close out a short position by buying currency
or securities which have been sold.
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Cross-Rate
The exchange rate between two currencies, e.g., AUD/USD.
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Currency
The money that a country uses. Currencies can be traded for other currencies on the foreign
exchange market, so each currency has a value relative to another.
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Currency Pair
The two currencies that are involved in a transaction.
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Currency Risk
The risk that shifts in foreign exchange rates may undermine the dollar or any other foreign
currency value of overseas investments.
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Day Order
A buy or sell order that will expire automatically at the end of the trading day on which it is
entered.
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Day Trade
A trade opened and closed on the same trading day.
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Day Trader
Speculators who take positions in CFDs on Commodities which are then liquidated prior to the
close of the same trading day.
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Deal Blotter
A list of all the deals that were done in a trading day.
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Deal Date
The date a transaction is entered.
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Deal Ticket/Deal Slip
The primary method of recording the basic information relating to a transaction.
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Dealer
An individual or firm acting as a principal, rather than as an agent, in the purchase and/or sale
of foreign exchange. Dealers trade on their own account and take on proprietary risk.
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Dealing
The act of buying and selling of foreign currencies in the foreign exchange markets around the
world.
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Dealing Systems
Computers that link the investment banks around the world on a one-on-one basis to
facilitate foreign exchange transactions.
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Delivery Date
This is the date of maturity of a contract when the exchange of currencies is made. This
date is also known as the value date in the foreign exchange or money markets.
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Depreciation
A decline in the value of a currency in terms of a foreign currency due to market demand
rather than official action such as Central Bank Intervention.
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Devaluation
A downward change in the official parity of an exchange rate from the rate at which it was
previously set. This term is inappropriate in the context of a floated currency i.e. the GBP.
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Discount
This is the amount by which a foreign currency is cheaper to buy for future delivery rather than
for spot delivery.
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Dollar
The “dollar” always represents the U.S. dollar. All other “dollar” currencies should be described
specifically. i.e. The Australian Dollar or Singapore Dollar.
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Drawdown
The size of a drop in the value of an account from its peak to its low.
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Easier
This is the term used to indicate that a currency is weakening than from where the price was
previously quoted.
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ECN
ECN stands for Electronic Communication Network.
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Economic Indicator
A statistic that is used to gauge current economic conditions.
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Effective Exchange Rate
Explanation of a country’s currency strength or weakness entirely on its trade
balance.
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Electronic Communication Network
An electronic communication network (ECN) is the term used in financial
circles for a type of computer system that facilitates trading of financial products outside of stock exchanges. The primary products that are traded
on ECNs are stocks and currencies. FX ECN brokers provide access to an electronic trading network, supplied with streaming quotes from the top tier
banks in the world. By trading through an ECN broker, a currency trader generally benefits from greater price transparency, faster processing,
increased liquidity and more availability in the marketplace.
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Elliot Wave Principle
A system of empirically derived rules for interpreting action in the markets. It
refers to a five-wave/three-wave pattern which forms one complete bull market /bear market cycle of eight waves.
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Exchange Rate
This is the expression used to describe the value of one currency in terms of another. For
example, in the exchange rate AUD/USD 1.04502, one Australian dollar is equal to 1.04 United States cents.
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Expiry Date
The date on which a transaction expires which is usually 2 business days before the settlement
date.
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Exposure
The total amount of money loaned to a borrower or country. Banks set rules to prevent
overexposure to any single borrower. In trading operations, it is the potential for running a profit or loss from fluctuations in market prices.
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Exotic Currencies
Foreign Currencies of countries that do not have a developed international market and
are relatively illiquid.
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Fiat Currency
Fiat currency is the opposite of a gold standard arrangement. In a fiat currency system, the
currency value rises and falls on the market in response to demand and supply pressures. It is this fluctuation that makes it possible to speculate on
future currency values.
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Firmer
Indicates that a Currency is strengthening or is stronger than previously quoted.
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Foreign Exchange Market
A Market where foreign currencies are traded internationally. As measured by the
Bank for International Settlements the daily turnover of the foreign exchange market is around 4 trillion dollars making it the largest market in the
world.
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Forward
A transaction with a settlement date that is more than 2 business days after the actual trade
date.
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Forward Exchange Rate
The expression of value of one currency in terms of another where the settlement
date is more than 2 business days after the trade date. A forward exchange rate is the spot exchange rate of the currencies on the trade date adjusted
for the forward points.
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Forward Points
The value of the interest rate differential for a currency pair over the period from the
spot settlement date to the forward settlement date, this is expressed as an adjustment to the spot exchange rate.
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Forward Settlement Date
A settlement date for a Forward transaction, which is greater than two business
days from the trade date.
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Fundamentals
The basic economic determinants of exchange rates, such as inflation, interest rates,
commodity prices and economic activity.
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Futures
An obligation to exchange a good or instrument at a set price on a future date. The primary
difference between a Future and a Forward is that Futures are typically traded over an exchange while forwards are traded over the counter (OTC).
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Gearing
A term related to margin trading where you are controlling a position whose face value is greater
than the money you deposit.
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G7
The seven leading industrial countries: The United States, Germany, Japan, France, United Kingdom,
Canada, and Italy.
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Golden Cross
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Goldilocks Economy
Term that describes an economy that has steady growth and acceptable inflation. In this
sense, the economy is not too hot and not too cold.
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Good Until Cancelled
An order instruction provided to a broker that does not expire at the end of the
trading day, although normally terminates at the end of the trading month.
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Grid Trading
A series of positions and open orders that are built with a predetermined spread defined by
the trader.
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Gross Domestic Product
Total value of a country’s output, income or expenditure produced within the
country’s physical borders.
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Hard Currency
A currency that investors have confidence in. Examples could be the US Dollar or the Euro.
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Head and Shoulders
A pattern in price trends which chartist consider indicates a price trend reversal. The
price has risen for some time, at the peak of the left shoulder, profit taking has caused the price to drop or level. The price then rises steeply
again to the head before more profit taking causes the price to drop to around the same level as the shoulder. A further modest rise or level will
indicate that a further major fall is imminent. The breach of the neckline is the indication to sell.
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Hedging
A strategy used to offset market risk, whereby one position protects another.
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Holder
Buyer and subsequently owner of a currency pair.
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IFEMA
International Foreign Exchange Master Agreement
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Inconvertible Currency
A Foreign Currency which cannot be exchanged for other currencies, because it is
forbidden by the foreign exchange regulations.
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Indicative Quote
A market-maker’s price that is an indication of price, it cannot be dealt on.
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Inflation
Continued rise in the general price level in conjunction with a related drop in purchasing
power. This is sometimes referred to as an excessive movement in such price levels.
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Initial Margin
The margin is a returnable deposit required to be lodged by buyers and sellers when opening
a new position.
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Initial Margin Requirement
When entering a position, the minimum amount that must be paid in cash.
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Instruction
The specification of the banks at which funds shall be paid upon settlement.
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Inter-bank Rates
The bid and offer rates at which international banks place deposits with each other. The
basis of the Interbank market.
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Inter-dealer Broker
A specialist broker who acts as an intermediary between market-makers who wish to buy
or sell securities to improve their book positions, without revealing their identities to other market-makers.
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Interest Rate Differential
The difference between the interest rates applicable to a currency pair.
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Intervention
Action by a central bank to effect the value of its currency by entering the market.
Concerted intervention refers to action by a number of central banks to control exchange rates.
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Introducing Broker
A person or firm that introduces customers to a market maker often in return for
commission or a portion of the spread.
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Japanese Yen
The Yen is t.he Japanese currency unit. It is the third most-traded currency in the foreign
exchange market after United States dollar and the Euro.
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Jobber
A trader who trades for small, short-term profits during the course of a trading session, rarely
carrying a position overnight.
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Key Currency
For smaller countries, the act of orienting their currency to that of a major trading
partner.
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Kiwi
Traders term for the New Zealand Dollar.
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Leading Indicators
Economic indicators used to predict future economic activity, such as the levels of the
S&P 500 index.
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Left-hand Side
Taking the left hand side of a two way quote i.e. selling the quoted currency. AUD/USD =
1.04430/432, you would sell on the left hand side at 1.04430.
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Leverage
The ratio of margin to the maximum position size. With a deposit of $1000 and a leverage of 100,
a trader could enter a position with a face value of $100,000. Leveraging allows you to profit quickly, but lose money just as fast.
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Liability
In terms of foreign exchange , the obligation to deliver to a counterparty an amount of currency
either in respect of a balance sheet holding at a specified future date or in respect of an un-matured forward or spot transaction.
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Long Position
Excess of purchases over sales or of foreign currency assets over liabilities.
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Loonie
Dealer slang for the USA/CAD currency pair.
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Lots
Standardised method of trading in Forex, which requires a trade of 100,000 units of a particular
currency.
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Maintenance
A set minimum margin that a customer must maintain in his margin account.
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Maintenance Margin
The minimum margin that must be available in an account to support all open trades.
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Margin Call
A demand for additional funds to be deposited in a margin account to meet margin requirements
because of adverse future price movements.
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Make a Market
A dealer is said to make a market when they quote bid and offer prices at which they are
ready to deal on.
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Marked to Market
The daily adjustment of an account to reflect accrued profits and losses often required
to calculate the variation margin.
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Market Maker
A market maker is a person or firm authorised to create and maintain a market in a foreign
currency or CFD.
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Market Order
An order to buy or sell a financial instrument at the best possible price at the time the
order is placed.
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Margin
Difference between the buying and selling rates, also used to indicate the discount or premium
between spot or forward.
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Market Spot Exchange Rate
The current or prevailing spot exchange rate in the foreign exchange market.
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Matching Systems
Electronic Systems duplicating the traditional brokers market. A price shown by a bank is
available to all trades.
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Maturity Date
Date on which, under the contracted agreements, the foreign exchange is to be delivered or
received.
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Mid-price or Middle Rate
The price half-way between the two prices, or the average of both buying and
selling prices offered by the market makers.
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Mio
One million or 1,000,000.
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Monetary Easing
A modest loosening of monetary constraint by changing interest rate, money supply, deposit
ratios.
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Monetary Policy
A central bank’s management of a country’s money supply. Economic theory underlying
monetary policy suggests that controlling the growth of the amount of money in the economy is the key to controlling prices and therefore inflation.
However, central banks’ monetary capability is severely limited by global money movements. This forces them to use the indirect tool of exchange rate
manipulation.
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Money Market
A market consisting of financial institutions and dealers in money or credit who wish to
either borrow or lend.
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Moving Average
A way of smoothing a set of data, widely used in price time series.
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Negative Carry Pairs
A carry trade where you are long the lower interest currency and short the higher
interest currency. This type of trade might be part of a hedging strategy.
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Net Position
Currency positions that have not been offset with opposite positions.
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News Trader
An investor who bases his/her decisions on the outcome of a news announcement and its impact
on the market.
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Odd Lot
A non-standard transaction size. In Forex, a standard lot is usually 100,000 units of a particular
currency.
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Offer
The price at which a seller is willing to sell. The best offer is the lowest such price available.
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One Cancels Other Order (O.C.O. Order)
A contingent order where the execution of one part of the order
automatically cancels the other part.
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Open Position
The difference between assets and liabilities in a particular currency. This may be measured
on a per currency basis or the position of all currencies when calculated in base currency.
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Optional Settlement Period
A range of settlement dates allowed under a Forward transaction agreed between
you and your brokers before the Forward transaction is entered into.
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Outright Deal
A forward deal that is not part of a swap operation.
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Oscillators
Quantitative methods designed to provide signals regarding the overbought and oversold
conditions.
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OTC
A market conducted directly between dealers and principals via a telephone and computer network rather
than a regulated exchange trading floor.
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Over the Counter
See OTC.
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Par
Is the term applied when the forward price of the purchase or sale of a currency is the same as the
spot price.
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Pegged
A system where a currency’s value is tied with that of another currency. For example, the Chinese
Yuan with the US Dollar. Most pegs are allowed to deviate within a small band.
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Pip
See point.
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Point
(1) 100th part of a per cent, normally 10,000 of any spot rate. Movement of exchange rates are
usually in terms of points. i.e if AUD/USD moves from 1.0410 to 1.0420, it has moved 10 points / pips. (2) Minimum fluctuation or smallest increment
of price movement.
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Position
The netted total commitments in a given currency. A position can be either flat or square ( no
exposure), long, (more currency bought than sold), or short ( more currency sold than bought).
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Premium
Amount by which a currency is more expensive to buy for future delivery than for spot delivery.
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Profit & Loss or P&L
The actual “realized” gain or loss resulting from trading activities on Closed
Positions, plus the theoretical “unrealized” gain or loss on Open Positions that have been Mark-to-Market.
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Quote
An indicative price. The price quoted for information purposes but not to deal.
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Quote Currency
The second currency of two in a currency pair. For the EUR/USD, USD is the quote currency.
The exchange rate quoted is how many units of the second currency you will receive for one unit of the base currency.
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Rally
A recovery in price after a period of decline.
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Range
The difference between the highest and lowest price of a future recorded during a given trading
session.
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Rate
Price at which a currency can be purchased or sold against another currency.
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Realized P/L
The profit and loss that is generated by closing a position.
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Reciprocal Currency
A currency pair involving the US Dollar in which the US Dollar is not the first
currency quoted. An example is the Euro, which is the base currency when paired with the US Dollar. EUR/USD is the way of quoting these two
currencies.
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Resistance Point or Level
A price recognised by technical analysts as a price which is likely to result in
resistance but if broken through is likely to result in a significant price movement.
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Right-hand Side
Taking the right hand side of a two way quote i.e. buying the quoted currency. AUD/USD =
1.0441/451, you would buy on the right hand side at 1.0451.
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Rollover
An overnight swap, specifically the next business day against the following business day (also
called Tomorrow Next, abbreviated to Tom-Next).
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Round Trip
Buying and selling of a futures or options contract.
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Short Position
Excess of sales over purchases or of foreign currency liabilities over assets.
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Spot
Foreign exchange bought and sold for delivery two business days after the deal is firmed.
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Spread
The value difference between the bid and ask price of a currency pair.
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Stop Loss
An arrangement whereby a position is automatically closed out when it reaches a certain loss or
when exchange rates reach specified values.
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Swissy
Trader’s nickname for the Swiss Franc.
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Take Profit Order
A customer’s instructions to buy or sell a currency pair which, when executed, will
result in the reduction in the size of the existing position and show a profit on said position.
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Take Profits
A limit order that is placed above the market with a long position or below the market with a
short position. When the market reaches the limit price, the position is closed thereby locking in a profit.
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Technical Analysis
Is concerned with past price and volume trends and often with the help of chart
analysis in a market in order to be able to make forecasts about future price developments of the commodity being traded.
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Technical Correction
An adjustment to price not based on market sentiment but technical factors such as
volume and charting.
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Tick
The smallest possible change in a price, either up or down. Also known as a pip.
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Ticker
Streaming display of the current or recent historical price of a currency pair.
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Term
The period from and including the trade date to and including the settlement date.
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Thin Market
A market in which trading volume is low and in which consequently bid and ask quotes are wide
and the liquidity of the instrument traded is low.
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Tomorrow Next (Tom Next)
Simultaneous buying of a currency for delivery the following day and selling for
the spot day or vice versa.
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Trade Date
The date on which a transaction is entered into.
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Transaction Cost
The cost involved in buying or selling a currency pair. Some consider the transaction
cost to be the actual value of the contract, while others feel it is the price of facilitating the trade, such as commissions and spreads.
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Transition Period
The period from and including the trade date to and including the settlement date.
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Trend
The current direction of the market, whether up or down or sideways (which is sometimes referred to
as non-trending or trading market).
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Two-Way Quotation
When a dealer quotes both buying and selling rates for foreign exchange transaction.
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Unconvertible Currency
A currency that cannot be exchanged for another because of foreign exchange
regulations.
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Unit
A widely used quantity of currency. In forex trading, one unit of USD is equal to one United States
dollar, while one unit of EUR is one Euro. For JPY, one unit is equivalent to one Yen. One unit is the smallest trade size in Forex trading.
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Up-Tick
A transaction executed at a price greater than the previous transaction.
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Value Date
For exchange contracts it is the day on which the two contracting parties exchange the
currencies which are being bought or sold. For a spot transaction it is two business banking days forward in the country of the bank providing
quotations which determine the spot value date. The only exception to this general rule is the spot day in the quoting centre coinciding with a
banking holiday in the country(ies) of the foreign currency(ies). The value date then moves forward a day. The enquirer is the party who must make
sure that his spot day coincides with the one applied by the respondent. The forward months maturity must fall on the corresponding date in the
relevant calendar month If the one month date falls on a non-banking day in one of the centres then the operative date would be the next business day
that is common. The adjustment of the maturity for a particular month does not affect the other maturities that will continue to fall on the original
corresponding date if they meet the open day requirement. If the last spot date falls on the last business day of a month, the forward dates will
match this date by also falling due on the last business day.Also referred to as maturity date.
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Value Today
A transaction with a settlement date that is on the same day as the trade date.
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Value Tomorrow
A transaction with a settlement date that is 1 business day after the trade date.
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Virtual Balance
Your current potential account balance that can be realized by closing all your open
trades. For example, if your actual account balance is $925 and you have an open trade for $50 with a $25 profit, your virtual account balance will
show $1,000.
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Volatility
A measure of the extent to which the exchange rate changes over a given period.
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Volume
The number, or value, of securities traded during a specific period.
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Working Day
A day on which the banks in a currency’s principal financial centre are open for business. For
FX transactions, a working day only occurs if the bank in both (all relevant currency centres in the case of a cross) are open.
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Yard
A traders’ term for a billion as in a billion dollars.
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